Human Rights Norms And The Prohibition Of Torture Essay

Question 1 (i) Do States have universal jurisdiction to prosecute offenders? Human rights norms – and the prohibition of torture in particular - belong to the category of jus cogens. That status means that they are peremptory norms so  ´its derogation is not permitted and can be modified only by a subsequent norm of general international law having the same character’ (Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969, art. 53). When a violation of any of these peremptory norms occurs, States should have jurisdiction to prosecute and punish offenders in its territory even where the violations have been committed outside its territory and there are no other connecting factors . This is further explained in Prosceutor v. Anto Furundzija (ICTY 1998) where was demonstrated that one of the consequences of the jus cogens character is that every State has the right to prosecute and punish the authors of crimes of torture present in a territory under its jurisdiction . Therefore, the question raised seems to lead us to a positive answer as States have universal jurisdiction to prosecute any person who contravenes that prohibition. The Prosecutor case also exhibits three relevant features of the prohibition of torture which are in common to the other principles that protects fundamental human rights: The first feature is the obligation to the States not only to prohibit and punish torture but also to pre-empt its perpetration. A State is in violation of its obligations wheneverShow MoreRelatedThe Appeal Of The Mccain Feinstein Amendment935 Words   |  4 Pagesother words, the amendment approaches the problem from a different perspective in contrast to previous prohibitions. Rather than expressing a broad prohibition, it restricts interrogators to a definitive list of approved techniques (Feinstein, D 2015). This approach, thus, essentially avoids the ambiguity that has become an enduring quality of international human rights law in relation to torture (Cole, D 2015; Levinson, S 2015, pp. 2017-2018). In succinct terms, if a technique is not authorised,Read MoreThe Human Rights Of The United Nations2236 Words   |  9 PagesI Introduction The term ‘human rights’ is difficult to define, but generally they are regarded as those fundamental and inalienable rights which are essential for life. They are rights inherent, interdependent, and indivisible to all human beings. This means they cannot be granted or taken away and include rights such as civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights. Each act of torture and ill-treatment, inflicted by one human being upon another, permanently scars all those touched byRead MoreUniversal Human Rights And Universal Rights1312 Words   |  6 PagesUniversal human rights are those that apply to everyone no matter where they come from, who they are or what they do. They are held by the individual person and protect them from other people and/or collectives (Bell,1999). Human rights instruments found today are also compared to those in religions and ancient civilisations that have contributed towards the understanding of human dignity (James, 2007). There are many arguments on whether human rights are universally achievable and if they have alreadyRead MoreHuman Rights Law Course Work2128 Words   |  9 PagesHuman Rights Law Course Work 1.0 Introduction The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (hereinafter referred to as ‘the Convention’) stands as the world’s most successful legal instrument and foundation for international legal process in the protection of Human Rights. Drafted two months after the founding of the Council of Europe, in the aftermath of the atrocities of World War II, it was fundamental to the future and stability of the region to introduceRead MoreFemale Circumsion1179 Words   |  5 Pages‘unjust’. The most shared problem is that which such practice creates a situation where lives of people are put at risk. An eminent practice which is taken into attention is female genital mutilation. This writing shall discuss clashes between human rights and cultural relativism with my personal stance about these two ethical dilemmas. Female genital mutilation is considered as unlawful act by many people while in several cultures it is a common cultural practice. â€Å"Female circumcision is mainlyRead MoreBusiness Ethics - Philosophy of Human Rights6492 Words   |  26 PagesPhilosophy of Human Rights Reading 1. Denis Arnold, â€Å"The Human Rights Obligations of Multinational Corporations† I have had the opportunity to teach a number of courses on the philosophy of human rights. To supplement the Arnold reading, I thought that I would give you some basic background regarding the central philosophical and legal debates over the nature of human rights. What are human rights? Human rights are international norms that help to protect all people everywhereRead MoreEssay about The Human Right Violations at Abu Ghraib2003 Words   |  9 PagesThe Human Right Violations at Abu Ghraib In 1949, the Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War was created to prohibit immoral, cruel and degrading punishment toward prisoners during wartime. The United States ratified this covenant and became a member of the Geneva Conventions. During Operation Iraqi Freedom, a series of human abuses occurred from October through December of 2003 where American military personnel have conducted acts of brutality and immoral behavior towardRead MoreThe International Covenant On Civil And Political Rights1669 Words   |  7 Pagesexplores the concept of non-derogable human rights as the basis for drawing a distinction between fundamental human rights (of jus cogens nature) and other core human rights (of jus dispositivum nature), and as argued in the paper, this classification sets an innate hierarchy, which when interpreted as such, can minimize conflict and in the worst, aid in resolution. The origin of this argument stems from Article 4 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) - arguably the most importantRead MoreThe Ethical Treatment of Prisoners3418 Words   |  14 Pagesï » ¿The ethical treatment of prisoners is a surprisingly contentious topic, considering how much is known about the conditions and contexts in which human beings function optimally, both physically and mentally. However, ethical discussions frequently have very little to do with what best allows human beings to thrive and function, but instead concern themselves with formulating rules and standards of acceptable behavior, usually out of the mistaken belief that these rules or standards represent someRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is The Constitutional Right Of A Human Being1793 Words   |  8 Pagespenalty has a lot of ethical and moral matters tied to it. In a world of individuality there is a divide on the people, for the death sentence and those against it. Many view i t as a barbaric and cruel punishment that violates the constitutional right of a human being. Whilst other view it as a just punishment for serious crimes. This paper will look at the history of the death penalty in Australia in body one. Then in body two, lead on to a recent case known as the ‘Bali nine’ which was experienced

The Great Depression An Age Of Female Enlightenment

The 1920s have long been portrayed as an age of female enlightenment, as women made their way to equality and cracked the foundations of women s sphere. American women protested against the traditional views of the female as moral guardian and domestic servant for the household and challenged the nation to accept their egalitarian beliefs. But after the initial rush of support for women s rights with the passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920, the feminist movement diminished towards the end of the 20s and all but disappeared during the Great Depression. The Great Depression was an economic collapse during the 1930s which resulted in a quarter of the nation’s families to have no financial income at all. Tillie Olsen was a proletarian writer of the Great Depression who created a powerful deception of the working class woman in America. Olsen was a feminist writer who criticized the way women were viewed due to the societal norms that the society and the government created duri ng her time. Tillie Olsen’s short story I stand here ironing shatters the expectations and standards that was conferred by society and the government on woman during the great depression. She challenges the norms and beliefs that made woman feel guilty and pressured them to fulfill certain roles in the family dynamic. I Stand Here Ironing, portrayed this guilt through the eyes of a mother, the narrator. This is displayed in the authors word choice, point of view, imagery and tone. Olsen begins herShow MoreRelatedEliminating The Depths Of Depression With Modern Medicine1131 Words   |  5 PagesEliminating the Depths of Depression with Modern Medicine Depression is like drowning with no hope for air. 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To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee is one such Bildungsroman about a girl’s maturation contrasted with the children around her. Through the utilization of different economic and familial backgrounds during the Great Depression allows Lee to formulate a story about the maturation and childhoods of many children displaying sundry variations of childhood, which she uses to demonstrate the theme that children are not adults in miniature because as they mature, their senseRead MoreDepression: a Sociological and Psychological Perspective4924 Words   |  20 Pagescause of depression? It’s not really hard to believe when you think about it as we are faced with mass unemployment, and a recession which can put heavy strain on even the most balanced of individuals and their interpersonal relationships around them. There are many interpersonal instances that can have the ability to lead to the onset of depression, s uch as the family environment, the socialization setting, and the discrimination against gender in certain cultures and instances. Depression has manyRead More The Domestication of Women2118 Words   |  9 Pagesas well as theories about female criminality did not factor into the discussion. In comparison, there is a large amount of scholarship and literature on male prisons and prisoners of that same time. This paper is an attempt to fill that gap. With Women, Prison, Crime, Women in Prison and Their Sister’s Keepers by Jocelyn Byrne, Cyndi Banks and Estelle Freedman, respectively, this paper attempts to outline the history of women’s prisons and the main theories about female prisoners from 1840-1930Read MoreOutline Of Major Depressive Disorder2556 Words   |  11 PagesHandbook Salisbury University The disorder I will be focusing on is Major Depressive Disorder. 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Each archetype was totalRead MoreA History of World in Six Glasses Essay2701 Words   |  11 Pagesnot allowed to sit with men in these men rooms, giving us the reader the impression that women could either not drink wine like Greek men or that gender discrimination was intact during these times. But female servers, dancers, and musicians were allowed, but why? Perhaps because men did not see female servers, dancers, and musicians as nothing but merely entertainment and slaves. Explain how the symposia and wine-drinking related to the development of ancient Greece (as compared to the other parts

Immunological Theory of Aging Essay - 748 Words

Throughout history, mankind has been obsessed with discovering a cure for any ailments or disorders that could disrupt or hinder their short lives, especially those to evade the aging process. With society becoming increasingly interested in everlasting beauty and living longer, the race to discover the main contributor toward aging begun in the early nineteen hundreds. In the midst of this quest, several biological theories had been developed. Among these theories is the immunity or immunological theory. This paper will discuss the immunological theory of aging by explaining the theory, giving a history of its origin and a description of further development within the evolution of the theory. Aging, as exhibited within the immunity†¦show more content†¦During this same time, immunologists and cell biologists were in a stalemate of debates focused on aging in respect to their individual fields. In the same period, a cytokine that was found to have promoted T-cell proliferation within cellular culture was discovered, promoting a flourish of immunology papers announcing the discovery of proof that the â€Å"unlimited growth of normal human T-cells† existed and directly countered the biologists’ Hayflick limit programmed aging theory (Effros, 2005). However, intrigued by the constant conflict of these two groups of researchers, Walford anxiously investigated whether or not the claim that human lymphocytes cultured were in truth restricted by the Hayflick limit was true (Effros, 2005). In order to come to a solution to the question, Walford systemically analyzed the proliferative potential of the lymphocytes. These cells derived from the peripheral bl ood of young adult donors were propagated in the cell culture with repeated stimulation of an antigen (Effros, 2005). Continuous exposure to the T-cell specific growth factor interleukin-2, concluded with a mean number of population doublings, showed a steady decrease between the ages of 25 and 40 (Effros, 2005). With the continuous repeat of this data, Walford’s reasoning began toShow MoreRelatedAn Accurate Plan Of Care For Older Adults1522 Words   |  7 PagesAs individuals age changes occur physiologically that are part of normal aging. These changes occur in all organ systems and can impact an individual’s quality of life. The changes related to aging can be attributed to an individual’s genetic make up, lifestyle, physical activity, and dietary lifestyle. Being able to differentiate between normal changes in aging against disease process is important because it can help clinicians develop a plan of care (Boltz, Capezuti, Fulmer, Zwicker, 2012). 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But Reactor No. 4, which was damaged in the 1986 explosion and fire, is still full of radioactive material encased inside a concrete barrier, called a sarcophagus, that is aging badly and needs to be replaced. The sarcophagus was designed to last about 30 years, and current designs would create a new shelter with a lifetime of 100 years. But radioactivity in the damaged reactor would need to be contained for 100,000 years

Indo-China Partnership for Solar Energy Sector Explored

Question: Describe about the Indo-China Partnership for Solar Energy Sector Explored? Answer: Energy Demand: It is rightly said that the Energy demand is growing robustly in China, India and other Asia-Pacific countries. These energy demands can be met by achieving a mix of energy type that the governments of these countries are already applying. The Government of China, India and various other Asia-Pacific countries have already started investing in solar energy. The manufacturing of solar panels and deployment of solar cells in fields has helped these nations to make a step ahead towards meeting future demand for energy(BizTakes, 2015). In China the manufacturing of solar panels are made at large scales which are not only cheap in price but also give higher utility and output to the consumer. In India, huge incentives and discounts are offered on the manufacturing, sale and purchase of solar products which is an act towards appreciation for using solar energy as a new age source of energy. Investment in developing solar plants has been made in various Asia-Pacific countries for instance Singapore, Malaysia and other where there exist tourist destinations. Thus the hotels and houses are equipped with solar panels so as to add an additional source of energy that could save conventional energy sources(Hirshberg Schoen, 2014). The demand for energy will not be met by these countries unless until they will depend on conventional sources. Specially the highly populated countries like China and India which consumes conventional sources of energy on high scale will not able to meet its future energy demand at present scale of development. Thus it has become rather very important for these countries to work towards development of non-conventional sources of energy. The efforts of these countries can already be seen through followings. Solar panels are used for producing electricity. Solar pumps are used for pulling out water for irrigation. polar products are installed in traffic lights and street lights. Solar products are sold at heavy discounts through acknowledgement of government subsidies. (Jacobson Delucchi, 2011) This way the above mentioned and various other factors has been deployed to meet the future demand of energy by these countries. Importing energy is not a good idea as the dependence of one country on another would rather end up in conflicting situation. Also the unrest in Asia and pacific region will not allow these countries to enter into such positive alliances. The political ill will and border issues has already depleted the relations of these countries so much that hardly we could expect any gain from import of energy by any of these countries. Finally the import of energy is also not a preferred suggestion for a democratic and independent country. Dependence on energy on other country could even result in unfair interference and participation by other country. Thus instead of depending on other country for supplying energy, the country should work hard towards achieving the goal of self-dependence as far as energy requirements are concerned. in conclusion, Solar energy is the best source of energy that is supplied free to us and should be used as a primary source of energy. However efforts are required to be made it cheaper and popular among the masses(Sharma Harinarayana, 2013). Bibliography BizTakes, 2015. Indo-China partnership for solar energy sector explored. [Online] Available at: https://www.moneycontrol.com/sme-stepup/news/indochina_partnership_for_solar_energy_sector_explored-1304250.html [Accessed 21 March 2015]. Hirshberg, A. Schoen, R., 2014. Barriers to the Widespread Utilization of Residential Solar Energy: The Prospets for Solar Energy in the U.S. Housing Industry. Springer, pp.453-68. Jacobson, M.Z. Delucchi, M.A., 2011. Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, Part I: Technologies, energy resources, quantities and areas of infrastructure and materials. Energy Policy, pp.1154-69. Sharma, P. Harinarayana, T., 2013. Solar Energy Generation Potential Along National Highways. International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering., pp.1-13.